Physicians and surgeons specializing in Gynecology and Obstetrics are available for consultation in Springfield. These two medical and surgical specializations, often abbreviated to OB-GYN, and taught as a single post-graduate training program, deal with studies of the female reproductive system, in both the pregnant and non-pregnant states. Subspecialities within the specialization may also be done, such as maternal-fetal medicine, reproductive endocrinology and infertility, urogynaecology and pelvic reconstructive surgery, family planning and geriatric gynecology. Many such specialists set up a clinic with individual or a group practice, along with nurses and counselors. These doctors help with medical conditions such as prenatal deliveries, managing a high-risk pregnancy, natural hormone & PMS therapy among others.